MARULA LITERATURE

Compiled by Cyril Lombard, CRIAA SA-DC, June 2001
Anderson, D.M.W., Bell, P.C., Gill, M.C.L., McDougall, F.J. and McNab, C.G.A. 1986. The Gum Exudates from Chloroxylon swietenia, Sclerocarya caffra, Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera. Phytochemistry, Vol. 25, No. 1, 247-249.

Arnold, T.H., Wells, M.J. & Wehmeyer, A.S. 1985. Khoisan food plants: taxa with potential for future economic exploitation. In: Plants for arid lands. Ed. Wickens, G.E., Goodin, J.R, & Field, D.V. Presented at International Conference on Economic Plants for Arid Lands, 23-27 July, 1984, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew.

Ballschmeiter, H.M.B. & Torline, P. 1973. Marula has distinct commercial appeal. Food Indutries of South Africa, September.

Botelle, A. (In preparation for 2001.) A History of Marula Use in North Central Namibia. Eudafano Women’s Co-operative Ltd. and CRIAA SA-DC.

Burger, A.E.C., de Villiers, J.B.M., & du Plessis, L.M. 1987. Composition of the kernel oil and protein of the marula seed. South African Journal of Science, Vol. 83 November / December, 733 - 735.

Carr, W.R. 1957. Notes on Some Southern Rhodesian Indigenous Fruits, With Particular Reference to Their Ascorbic Acid Content. Food Research, 22: 590 – 596.

CRIAA SA-DC, Namibia. 1997 – 2001. Trial Marula Oil Production (TMOP) Project, Namibia. Unpublished data.

CRIAA SA-DC and Leatherhead Food Research Association (LFRA). (In preparation). Properties of Marula Oil.

Engelter, C. & Wehmeyer, A.S. 1970. Fatty Acid Composition of Oils of Some Seeds of Wild Plants. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Jan / Feb).

Eromosele, I.C. & Eromosele, C.O. & Kuzhkuzha, D.M. 1991. Evaluation of mineral elements and ascorbic acid contents in fruits of some wild plants. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 41, 151-154.

Eromosele, I.C. & Eromosele, C.O. 1993. Studies on the chemical composition and physico-chemical properties of seeds of some wild plants. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 43, 251–258.

Fatope, M.O., Ibrahim, H. and Takeda, Y. 1993. Screeing of Higher Plants Reputed as Pesticides Using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 31:4, 250-254.

Fox, F.W. & Norwood Young, M.E. 1982. Food from the veld. South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg.

Galvez, J., Zarzuelo, A., Crespo, M.E., Utrilla, M.P., Jiménez, J., Spiessens, C & de Witte, P. 1991. Antidiarrhoeic Activity of Sclerocarya birrea Extract and its Active Tannin Constituents in Rats. Phytotherapy Research, Vol. 5, 276–278.

Galvez Peralta, J., Zarzuelo, A., Cobbaert, C. & de Witte, P. 1992. (-)-Epicatechin-3-galloyl Ester: A Secretagogue Compound from the Bark of Sclerocarya birrea. Planta Medica 58, 174-5.

Galvez, J., Crespo, M.E., Zarzuelo, A., de Witte, P. & Spiessens, C. 1993. Pharmacological Activity of a Procyanidin Isolated from Sclerocarya birrea Bark: Antidiarrhoeal Activity on Isolated Guinea-pig Ileum. Phytotherapy Research, Vol 7, 25-28.

Glew, R.H., VanderJagt, D.J., Lockett, C., Grivetti, L.E., Smith, G.C., Pastuszyn, A. and Millson, M. 1997. Amino Acid, Fatty Acid, and Mineral Composition of 24 Indiegnous Plants of Burkina Faso. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 10, 205 – 217.

Gous, F., Weinert, I. A. G. & van Wyk, P. J. 1988. Selection and Processing of Marula Fruit (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra). Lebensm. - Wiss. u. - Technol., No. 21, 259 - 266.

Houghton, C. 1999. New Natural Oils and their Properties. Anglia Oils Ltd. – Bulk Speciality Division.

Hutchings, A., Haxton Scott, A., Lewis, G. and Cunningham, A. 1996. Zulu Medicinal Plants. An Inventory. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg in association with University of Zululand, Kwblangezwa and National Botanical Institute, Cape Town.

Junod, H.A. 1927 (2nd Edition). The life of a South African tribe. Vol, 1 and 2. Attinger Freres, Neuchatel.

Krige, E.J. 1937. Note on the Phalaborwa and their morula complex. Bantu Studies, 11: 357 – 366.

Kubo, I. & Kinst-Hori, I. 1999. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde: A Potent Tyrosinase Inhibitor from African Medicinal Plants. Planta Medica, 65, 19-22.

Leakey, R.R.B. 1999. Potential for novel food products from agroforestry trees: a review. Food Chemistry, 66, 1-14.

Lombard, C. 1997. Report on the Trial Marula Oil Production (TMOP) Project - 1st Phase Feasibility Study, August 1996 to March 1997, CRIAA SA - DC (Namibia), 9 April 1997.

Mhlongo, B.L. 1997. Development of must preparation procedures for commercial production of marula drinks. BSc Thesis, University of Swaziland, Luyengo.

Ogbobe, O. 1992. Physico-chemical composition and characteristics of the seed and seed oil of Sclerocarya birrea. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 42, 201 – 206.

Palmer, E. & Pitman, N. 1972 – 1974. Trees of southern Africa. Balkema, Cape Town.

Pretorius, V., Rohwer, E., Rapp, A., Holtzhausen, L. C. & Mandery, H. 1985. Volatile Flavour Components of Marula Juice. Z. Lebensm. Unter. - Forsch. No. 181, 458 - 461.

Quin, P.J. 1959. Foods and feeding habits of the Pedi. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg.

Rodin, R. J. 1985. The Ethnobotany of the Kwanyama Ovambos. Monographs in Systematik Botany, Missouri

Botanical Garden, Vol. 9, 36, 37 & 49.

Rügheimer, S. 1997. Fatty Acid Profile of Marula Oil. University of Namibia, Chemistry Department. Unpublished.

Rügheimer, S. (In preparation for 2001) Marula Oil. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Stellenbosch .

Schäfer, G. & McGill, A. E. J. 1986. Flavour Profiling of Juice of the Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) as an Index for Cultivar Selection. Acta Horticulturae 194, 215 - 222.

Smith, G.C., Clegg, M.S., Keen, C.L & Grivetti, L.E. 1996. Mineral values of selected plant foods common to southern Burkina Faso and to Niamey, Niger, West Africa. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 47: 41-53.

Taylor, F.W. 1985. The potential for the commercialisation of indigenous plants in Botswana. In: Plants for arid lands. Ed. Wickens, G.E., Goodin, J.R, & Field, D.V. Presented at International Conference on Economic Plants for Arid Lands, 23-27 July, 1984, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew.

Teichman, I. von.1982. Notes on the Distribution, Morphology, Importance and Uses of the Indigenous Anacardiaceae: 1. The Distribution and Morphology of Sclerocarya birrea (the Marula). Trees in South Africa, Oct.-Dec., 35-41.

Teichman, I. von.1983. Notes on the Distribution, Morphology, Importance and Uses of the Indigenous Anacardiaceae: 2. The Importance and Uses of Sclerocarya birrea (the Marula). Trees in South Africa, Apr.-Sept., 2-7.

Trovato, A., Kirjavainen, S., Galati, E.M. and Forestieri, A.M. 1995. Effects of Sclerocarya birrea Hochst. Extract on Some Metabolic Activities in the Rat. Phytotherapy Research, Vol 9, 591 – 593.

Walker, N.J. 1989. Marula. African Wildlife, 43:6, 282 – 285 (Nov./Dec.)

Weinert, I.A.G., van Wyk, P.J., & Holtzhausen, L.C. 1990. Marula. In: Fruits of tropical and subtropical origin. Eds. S. Nagy, P.E. Shaw & W.F. Wardowski. Lake Alfred, Florida Science Source.

Yameogo, R.T.& Kassamba, B. 1999. Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin on tropical seeds used for snacks: Arachis hypogea, Balanites aegyptiaca and Sclerocarya birrea. Tropical Science, 39, 46 – 49.

Zharare, P. & Dhlamini, N. 2000. Characterization of Marula (Sclerocarya caffra) Kernel Oil and Assessment of its potential use in Zimbabwe. Journal of Food Technology in Africa Volume 5 Number 4 (Oct. – Dec.).